Premature newborn positionings and physiologic parameters - a randomized clinical study / Posicionamentos de recém-nascidos prematuros e parâmetros fisiológicos - um estudo clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction Multiple studies have shown the effects of prone (PP), supine (SP) and kangaroo (KP) positions on clinical and physiological outcomes in preterm newborns, but none compared these three types of positioning between them. Objective To investigate the influence of these positionings on heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and alertness status in clinically stable preterm newborns (NBs) admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods In a randomized clinical trial, clinically stable NBs with gestational ages from 30 to 37 weeks who were breathing spontaneously were allocated in three positioning groups: PP, SP and KP. Heart rate, breathing frequency, SpO2 and alertness status were evaluated immediately before and after 30 minutes of positioning. Results In all, 66 NBs were assessed (corrected age: 35.48 ± 1.94 weeks; weight: 1840.14 ± 361.09 g), (PP: n = 22; SP: n = 23; KP: n = 21). NBs in the PP group showed a significant improvement in peripheral SpO2 (97.18 ± 2.16 vs 95.47 ± 2.93 vs 95.57 ± 2.95, p = 0.03) compared with the SP and KP groups. Conclusion In clinically stable preterm NBs, the PP was associated with better peripheral oxygen saturation than the SP or KP. In addition, there was a reduction in heart rate within prone position group and in the KP group there was an increase in the number of NBs in the deep sleep classification.

Resumo Introdução Vários estudos têm demonstrado os efeitos das posições prona (PP), supina (SP) e canguru (KP) sobre os resul-tados clínicos e fisiológicos em recém-nascidos prematuros, mas nenhum comparou esses três tipos de posicionamento. Objetivo Investigar a influência desses posicionamentos na frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) e estado de alerta em recém-nascidos pré-termo (RN) clinicamente estáveis internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Métodos Em um ensaio clínico randomizado, RN clinicamente estáveis com idade gestacional de 30 a 37 semanas e respirando espontaneamente foram alocados em três grupos de posicionamento: PP, SP e KP. Frequência cardíaca e respiratória, SpO2 e estado de alerta foram avaliados imediatamente antes e após 30 minutos de posicionamento. Resultados Ao todo, foram avaliados 66 RNs (idade corrigida: 35,48 ± 1,94 semanas; peso: 1840,14 ± 361,09 g), (PP: n = 22; SP: n = 23; KP: n = 21). Os RNs do grupo PP apresentaram melhora significativa na SpO2 periférica (97,18 ± 2,16 vs 95,47 ± 2,93 vs 95,57 ± 2,95, p = 0,03) em comparação aos grupos SP e KP. Conclusão Em RN prematuros clinicamente estáveis, o PP foi associado à melhor saturação periférica de oxigênio do que o SP ou KP. Além disso, houve redução da frequência cardíaca no grupo de posição prona e no grupo KP houve aumento do número de RNs na classificação sono profundo.

Indicaciones de rehabilitación respiratoria en niños y adolescentes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas / Indications for respiratory rehabilitation in children and adolescents with chronic respiratory diseases

Resumen El aumento de la expectativa de vida de niños y adolescentes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas ha llevado a implementar estrategias como la rehabilitación respiratoria (RR). El presente artículo profundiza en las distintas indicaciones de la RR en distintos niveles de atención médica, distinto grado de dependencias tecnológicas y diversas patologías como: Fibrosis Quística, Bronquiolitis Obliterante, Enfermedades Neuromusculares, anomalías de caja torácica y escoliosis.

The increase in the life expectancy of children and adolescents with chronic respiratory diseases has led to implement strategies such as respiratory rehabilitation (RR). This article delves into the different indications of RR at different levels of medical care, different level of technological dependencies and different pathologies such as: Cystic Fibrosis, Bronchiolitis Obliterans, Neuromuscular Diseases, Rib cage abnormalities and Scoliosis.

Poder mecánico como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes críticos con síndrome de distrés respiratorias agudo por Covid-19 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Mechanical power as a predictor of mortality in critical ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome by Covid-19 in the intensive care unit

La ventilación mecánica invasiva como estrategia terapéutica no está exenta de complicaciones. Es imperativo tener parámetros de ventilación protectiva en aquellos pacientes que están sometidos a ello. Se pretende demostrar si la potencia mecánica como parámetro ventilatorio tiene validez pronóstica de mortalidad en pacientes críticos con ventilación mecánica invasiva prolongada. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de pacientes críticos en ventilación mecánica invasiva prolongada debido a Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo por COVID-19 que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo durante el periodo de marzo 2020 a marzo del 2021. Resultados: La potencia mecánica, como parámetro ventilatorio, se asocia a mortalidad (RPa 1.061; IC 95% 1.037-1.085; p=0.00) al igual que la presión plateau y siendo la driving pressure y compliance estática factores protectores para mortalidad. La potencia mecánica como parámetro ventilatorio tiene validez pronóstica para mortalidad severa por COVID-19(AU)

Invasive mechanical ventilation as a therapeutic strategy is not without complications. It is imperative to have protective ventilation parameters in those patients who are subjected to it. We aim to demonstrate whether mechanical power as a ventilatory parameter has prognostic validity for mortality in critically ill patients with prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out of critically ill patients on prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation due to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to COVID-19 who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Regional de Trujillo during the March 2020 to March 2021 period. Results: Mechanical power, as a ventilatory parameter, is associated with mortality (RPa 1.061; 95% CI 1.037-1.085; p = 0.00) as well as plateau pressure, and driving pressure and static compliance are protective factors for mortality. Mechanical power as a ventilatory parameter has prognostic validity for mortality in critically ill patients with invasive mechanical ventilation due to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19(AU)

Safety, tolerability and efficacy of LEGA-Kid® mechanical percussion device versus conventional chest physiotherapy in children: a randomised, single-blind controlled study

INTRODUCTION@#Chest physiotherapy (CPT) may benefit children aged below five years who suffer from lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). However, its effects depend on the technique used. This study aimed to determine whether mechanical CPT using the LEGA-Kid® mechanical percussion device is superior to manual CPT in children with LRTI.@*METHODS@#Children aged five months to five years who were admitted and referred for CPT from January to April 2017 were randomised to either manual CPT or mechanical CPT with LEGA-Kid. Outcomes measured before intervention and two hours after intervention were respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation and modified Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (mRDAI) score.@*RESULTS@#All 30 enrolled patients showed significant reduction in post-intervention RR and mRDAI scores. There was an 8% reduction in RR for the manual CPT group (p = 0.002) and a 16.5% reduction in the mechanical CPT group (p = 0.0001), with a significantly greater reduction in the latter (p = 0.024). mRDAI scores decreased by 2.96 in the manual group (p = 0.0001) and 3.62 in the mechanical group (p = 0.002), with no significant difference between the groups. There was no significant improvement in oxygen saturation, and no adverse events were observed after CPT.@*CONCLUSION@#Children receiving both manual and mechanical CPT showed improvements in respiratory distress symptoms, with no adverse effects. A combined strategy of nebulised hypertonic saline followed by CPT for LRTI removes airway secretions and results in improvements in moderately severe respiratory distress. The LEGA-Kid mechanical CPT method is superior to manual CPT in reducing the RR.

Displasia broncopulmonar y su relación con los cuidados respiratorios en prematuros menores de 32 semanas en una unidad neonatal, Bogotá 2017 / Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and its relationship with respiratory care in premature infants under 32 weeks in a neonatal unit, Bogotá, 2017

RESUMEN Introducción: la displasia broncopulmonar es una enfermedad crónica que afecta al recién nacido prematuro que ha requerido ventilación mecánica y suplementación de oxígeno por su prematurez. La displasia está asociada a múltiples factores, entre los cuales se encuentran las medidas de cuidado respiratorio. Objetivo: describir la relación de presentación de displasia broncopulmonar con parámetros de atención respiratoria en prematuros menores de 32 semanas de edad gestacional en una unidad neonatal en Bogotá durante al año 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico transversal, desarrollado utilizando datos extraídos de una base secundaria de registro de recién nacidos prematuros atendidos en una unidad de cuidados neonatales de la ciudad de Bogotá. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia del 30% de presentación de displasia broncopulmonar en este grupo y relaciones significativas (p<0,05) entre la presentación de displasia y la administración de surfactante pulmonar exógeno y de citrato de cafeína (como factores protectores), la ventilación mecánica y la ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Conclusiones: las guías y consensos internacionales dirigen sus recomendaciones hacia un manejo más conservador de los parámetros de cuidado respiratorio para el recién nacido prematuro. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 41-7.

ABSTRACT Introduction: bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic disease that affects the premature newborn, which has required mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation because of its prematurity. Dysplasia is associated with multiple factors, among which are respiratory care measures. Objective: describe the relationship of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with parameters of respiratory care in premature infants under 32 weeks of gestational age in a neonatal unit in Bogotá during 2017. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical observational study, developed using data extracted from a secondary registry database for preterm infants treated in a neonatal care unit in the city of Bogotá. Results: a 30% prevalence of dysplasia was found in this group and significant relationships (p <0.05) between the presentation of dysplasia and the administration of exogenous pulmonary surfactant and caffeine citrate (as protective factors), mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation Conclusions: international guidelines and consensus direct their recommendations towards a more conservative management of respiratory care parameters for the premature newborn. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 41-7.

Nivel de adhesión y prevalencia a inhaladores en pacientes ambulatorios con Asma y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica / Level of inhaler adhesion and prevalence in outpatients with Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

INTRODUCCIÓN. Para el tratamiento farmacoterapéutico de enfermedades respi-ratorias, el uso de herramientas para abordar la vía inhalatoria es de elección por su mayor eficacia y menos efectos secundarios; registrar su adhesión y prevalencia es importante. OBJETIVO. Determinar el nivel y la prevalencia de adhesión al uso de inhaladores en pacientes con Asma y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Cróni-ca. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal. Población de 215 y muestra de 121 Historias Clínicas. Se aplicó el Test de Adhesión a Inhaladores, que consistió en dos cuestionarios complementarios: el de 10 ítems, que valoró el nivel de adhesión, y el de 12 que identificó el tipo de incumplimiento en pacientes de Consulta Externa de la Unidad Técnica de Neumología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, periodo julio 2018 - enero 2019. La tabulación y análisis de datos se realizó con el programa Excel. RESULTADOS. La prevalencia de mala adhesión en asmáticos fue de 83,33% y en Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica 13,33%. En cuanto al sexo, la prevalencia de mala adhesión fue de 15,28% en hombres y de 40,82% en mujeres, con una p<0,05. No se encontró diferencia significativa respecto a los niveles de instrucción. CONCLUSIÓN. La prevalencia de mala adhesión al uso de inhaladores en pacientes con Asma y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica fue alta sobre todo en los asmáticos.

INTRODUCTION. For respiratory diseases and their pharmacotherapeutic treatment, the use of tools to address the inhalation route is chosen due to its greater efficacy and fewer secondary effects; then record the adherence and prevalence is important. OBJECTIVE. To determine both level and prevalence of adherence to the use of inhalers in patients with Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. MATE-RIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional analytical study. Population of 215 and sam-ple of 121 patients. The Inhaler Adherence Test was applied, which consisted of two complementary questionnaires: a 10-item questionnaire, which assessed the level of adherence, and a 12-item questionnaire that identified the type of non-compliance in patients of the Pneumology Technical Unit of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, period July 2018 - January 2019. The tabulation and data analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel program. RESULTS. The prevalence of poor ad-herence in asthmatics was 83.33% and in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease was 13.3%. Regarding gender, the prevalence of poor adherence was 15.28% in men and 40.82% in women, with a p <0.05. No significant differences were found regarding the levels of instruction. CONCLUSION. The prevalence of poor adherence to the use of inhalers in patients with Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease was high, especially in asthmatics

Estrategias de intervención en la UCI neonatal: un enfoque fisioterapéutico / Intervention strategies in the neonatal ICU: a physiotherapeutic approach

Resumen El fisioterapeuta a lo largo de su profesión ha ampliado el espectro de intervenciones y escenarios de desempeño, siendo uno de los más recientes el abordaje en la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Recientemente se han reportado en la literatura diferentes estrategias de intervención con el objetivo de lograr un desarrollo adecuado del neonato, tales como masaje, estimulación kinestésica, educación en el programa madre canguro, y maniobras de tórax. El objetivo del artículo fue revisar la información actual proveniente de la evidencia científica disponible sobre estas diferentes estrategias de intervención aplicadas en la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal, por lo que se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos encontrados entre febrero y agosto del 2019 en las bases de datos PUBMED y SCOPUS. Se obtuvieron 40 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de selección y que se incluyeron en la revisión. Finalmente, se concluye que estas estrategias de intervención fisioterapéutica contribuyen al logro de un desarrollo integral adecuado en el neonato. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 63-72

Abstract The physiotherapist throughout his profession has broadened the spectrum of interventions and performance scenarios, one of the most recent being the approach in the neonatal intensive care unit. Recently, different intervention strategies have been reported in the literature with the aim of achieving adequate development of the newborn, such as massage, kinesthetic stimulation, education in the kangaroo mother program, and chest maneuvers. This article aimed to review the current information from the scientific evidence available on these different intervention strategies in the neonatal intensive care unit, so a bibliographic review of the articles found between February and August 2019 in PUBMED and SCOPUS databases was carried out. 40 articles which met the eligibility criteria were obtained and included in the review. Finally, it is concluded that these physiotherapeutic intervention strategies contribute to the achievement of an adequate integral development in the neonate. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 63-72

Rol del terapeuta respiratorio en la prevención de neumonía asociada al ventilador / The respiratory therapist's role in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Los Terapeutas respiratorios juegan un papel importante en la prevención de la neumonía asociada al ventilador, esta enfermedad es la infección hospitalaria más común en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y la principal causa de muerte. Objetivo: Describir el rol del terapeuta respiratorio en la prevención de neumonía asociada al ventilador. Materiales y métodos: Este artículo fue realizado bajo los parámetros de la revisión documental, de nivel descriptivo, monográfico. La técnica aplicada fue el fichaje bibliográfico y el análisis sistemático de los documentos encontrados en la web. Resultados: Gracias a la revisión, análisis y síntesis de la bibliografía se obtuvo como resultado que la higiene de las manos, sumado a medidas específicas de prevención no farmacológicas, como elevación de la cabecera, manejo de presión del neumotaponamiento, aseo de la cavidad oral, aspiración y manejo de secreciones, así como estrategias para conservar la nutrición integral, son medidas simples y con buenos resultados en la prevención de la NAVM. Conclusiones: El rol del terapista respiratorio en la prevención de neumonía asociada al ventilador es cumplir con el tratamiento no farmacológico para el bienestar del paciente. Estas acciones van desde el acompañamiento hasta el lavado de manos adecuado antes y después de la atención(AU)

Respiratory therapists play an important role in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, which is the most common hospital-acquired infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) and the leading cause of death. Objective: To describe the role of the respiratory therapist in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Materials and methods: This article was carried out under the parameters of a descriptive, monographic, documentary review. The technique applied was the bibliographic file and the systematic analysis of the documents found on the web. The results: According the review, analysis and synthesis of the literature, it was found that hand hygiene, together with specific non-pharmacological prevention measures, such as head elevation, pneumotapon pressure management, oral cavity cleaning, secretion aspiration and management, as well as strategies to maintain integral nutrition, are simple measures with good results in the prevention of VAP. Conclusions: The role of the respiratory therapist in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia is to comply with non-pharmacological treatment for the patient's well-being. These actions range from accompaniment to proper hand washing before and after care(AU)

Reabilitação cardiopulmonar em pacientes pós-COVID-19: série de casos / Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in post-COVID-19 patients: case series

RESUMO A história natural da doença e o tratamento de pacientes após a COVID-19 ainda se apresentam em construção. Os sintomas são persistentes, mesmo em casos leves, e as consequências decorrentes da infecção incluem fadiga, dispneia, taquicardia, perda de massa muscular e diminuição da capacidade funcional. Sobre a reabilitação cardiopulmonar, parece haver melhora na capacidade funcional, na qualidade de vida e no prognóstico com o Teste da Caminhada de 6 Minutos, sendo este utilizado como avaliador prognóstico e terapêutico. Assim, o objetivo deste relato de casos é descrever a experiência de quatro casos, de diferentes gravidades, que realizaram um programa de reabilitação cardiopulmonar pós-COVID-19, avaliados com Teste da Caminhada de 6 Minutos, força muscular periférica e duplo produto em repouso, para verificar o efeito da reabilitação após 3 meses de protocolo de, no mínimo, 300 minutos por semana. Os quatro casos apresentaram aumento da distância percorrida no teste da caminhada entre 16% e 94%. Houve aumento da força muscular periférica em 20% até seis vezes seu valor inicial, e a redução do duplo produto em repouso variou entre 8% e 42%. O programa de reabilitação cardiopulmonar apresentou impacto positivo nos casos acompanhados, com melhora da capacidade funcional, mesmo com a variabilidade da gravidade dos casos pós-COVID-19.

ABSTRACT The natural history of the disease, and the treatment of post-COVID-19 patients, are still being built. Symptoms are persistent, even in mild cases, and the infection consequences include fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, muscle loss, and reduced functional capacity. Regarding cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, there seems to be an improvement in functional capacity, quality of life, and prognosis with the 6-Minute Walk Test used as a prognostic and therapeutic evaluator. Therefore, this case series report aims to present our experience with four cases of different severity levels, involved in a post-COVID-19 cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program. These patients were assessed with the 6-Minute Walk Test, peripheral muscle strength, and double product at rest, to assess the results after a three-month rehabilitation protocol of at least 300 minutes per week. The four patients had their distance covered during the walk test increased between 16% and 94%. Peripheral muscle strength was improved by 20% to six times the baseline values, and double product at rest was reduced by 8% to 42%. The cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program had a positive impact on these cases, improving functional capacity despite the different severity levels in these post-COVID-19 cases.

Lineamientos técnicos para la atención en terapia respiratoria de pacientes COVID-19 / Technical guidelines for respiratory therapy care for COVID-19 patients

Los presentes lineamientos pretenden establecer las disposiciones generales de oxigenoterapia, abordaje avanzado de la vía aérea, ventilación mecánica y cuidados respiratorias de personas con Coivd-19, en los diferentes niveles de atención del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud. (SNIS)

These guidelines are intended to establish the general provisions for oxygen therapy, advanced approach to the airway, mechanical ventilation and respiratory care of people with Coivd-19, at the different levels of care of the National Integrated Health System. (SNIS)

Intervenções de fisioterapia respiratória utilizadas durante a hospitalização de crianças e adolescentes com asma: relatos profissionais / Respiratory physiotherapy interventions used during hospitalization of children and adolescents with asthma: professional reports

Objetivo: descrever e comparar as intervenções de fisioterapia respiratória utilizadas para asma durante a hospitalização em três grupos etários pediátricos. Além disso, buscou-se investigar os motivos de escolha dessas intervenções. Métodos: a amostra foi composta por fisioterapeutas atuantes em hospitais que reportaram atender crianças e adolescentes com asma. Os profissionais responderam a um questionário online sobre dados pessoais, acadêmicos, profissionais e relativo às intervenções de fisioterapia respiratória utilizadas em lactentes, pré-escolares e escolares/adolescentes. As intervenções foram agrupadas em nove classificações: convencionais, manuais, baseadas em volume, oscilação oral de alta frequência/pressão expiratória positiva (OOAF/PEP), exercícios ventilatórios, ventilação não invasiva, técnica de expiração forçada (TEF), aspiração de vias aéreas superiores (VAS) e outras. Resultados: foram incluídos 93 fisioterapeutas, com idade entre 31 e 40 anos (47,3%) e do sexo feminino (87,1%). As intervenções mais utilizadas nos lactentes foram a aspiração de VAS (78,5%), a aceleração do fluxo expiratório (AFE) (50,5%) e a terapia expiratória manual passiva (TEMP) (45,2%). Nos pré-escolares, predominou a tosse (75,3%), a aspiração de VAS (52,7%), a AFE (51,6%) e a TEMP/expiração lenta e prolongada (ELPr) (50,5%). Já nos escolares/adolescentes, a tosse (83,9%), os exercícios expiratórios variados (73,1%) e a ELPr (57,0%) sobressaíram-se. Houve menor utilização (p<0,01) de OOAF/PEP, de exercícios ventilatórios e de TEF nos lactentes e, também, de métodos convencionais, manuais, aspiração de VAS e outras terapias (p<0,01) nos escolares/adolescentes. Os profissionais relataram utilizar essas intervenções por serem mais eficazes na prática clínica (78,5%). Conclusão: as intervenções manuais e as técnicas de expectoração visando à desobstrução brônquica foram as mais frequentemente utilizadas, tendo relação com a faixa etária e a escolha devido à efetividade na prática clínica.

Aims: to describe and to compare the airway clearance techniques used for asthma during hospitalization in three pediatric age groups. In addition, we sought to investigate the main reasons for choosing the interventions.Methods: the sample consisted of physiotherapists working in hospitals who reported attending children and adolescents with asthma. The professionals answered an online questionnaire on personal, academic and professional data, as well as regarding the airway clearance techniques used in, preschoolers and schoolchildren/adolescents. The interventions were grouped into nine classifications: conventional, manual, volume-based, high-frequency oral oscillation/positive expiratory pressure (HFOO/PEP), ventilatory exercises, non-invasive ventilation, forced expiratory technique (FET), upper airway aspiration (UAA) and others. Results: nine-three physiotherapists were included, aged between 31 and 40 years (47.3%) and female (87.1%). The most frequent interventions in infants were UAA (78.5%), expiratory flow acceleration (EFA) (50.5%) and chest compression (45.2%). In preschoolers, coughing (75.3%), aspiration of upper airways (52.7%), EFA (51.6%) and chest compression/slow and prolonged expiration (SPE) (50.5%) were the most used. In schoolchildren/adolescents, coughing (83.9%), varying expiratory exercises (73.1%) and SPE (57.0%) were the most frequent. There was less use (p<0.01) of OOAF/PEP, ventilatory and FET exercises in infants and also of conventional, manual methods, aspiration of UUA and other therapies (p<0.01) in schoolchildren/adolescents. The professionals reported using these interventions because they are more effective in clinical practice (78.5%). Conclusions: manual and expectoration techniques aiming at airway clearance were the most frequently used, being related to the age group and chosen due to effectiveness in clinical practice.

Rehabilitación respiratoria para pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne en etapas de pérdida de la marcha / Respiratory rehabilitation for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in stages of loss of gait

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common neuromuscular diseases. Its evolution with well-defined stages related to motor and functional alterations, allows easily establishing relationships with respiratory function through a simple laboratory assessment including vital capacity (VC) measurements as well as peak cough flows. Without any treatment with respiratory rehabilitation, the main cause of morbidity and mortality is ventilatory failure, secondary to respiratory pump muscles weakness and inefficient cough. The VC plateau is reached during the non-ambulatory stages, generally after 13 years old. Respiratory rehabilitation protocols, including air stacking techniques, manual and mechanical assisted coughing and non-invasive ventilatory support, can effectively addressed the VC decline as well as the decrease in peak cough flows, despite advancing to stages with practically non-existent lung capacity. Non-invasive ventilatory support may be applied after 19 years old, initially at night and then extending it during the day. In this way, survival is prolonged, with good quality of life, avoiding ventilatory failure, endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy. This article proposes staggered interventions for respiratory rehabilitation based on the functional stages expected in the patient with DMD who has lost ambulation.

La distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) es una de las enfermedades neuromusculares más frecuentes. Su curso evolutivo con etapas de declinación en la funcionalidad motora bien definidas, permite fácilmente establecer relaciones con la función respiratoria a través de un laboratorio de evaluación sencilla, básicamente de la capacidad vital (CV) y la capacidad tusígena. Sin intervenciones en rehabilitación respiratoria, la principal causa de morbimortalidad es la insuficiencia ventilatoria secundaria a debilidad de músculos de la bomba respiratoria e ineficiencia de la tos. En las etapas no ambulantes, se alcanza la meseta de la CV, generalmente después de los 13 años, su declinación junto con la disminución de la capacidad tusígena puede ser enfrentada efectivamente con la utilización de protocolos de rehabilitación respiratoria. Estos deben considerar la restitución de la CV con técnicas de insuflación activa o apilamiento de aire, tos asistida manual y mecánica, más soporte ventilatorio no invasivo, inicialmente nocturno después de los 19 años y luego diurno, pese a avanzar a etapas con capacidad pulmonar prácticamente inexistente. De esta manera, se prolonga la sobrevida, con buena calidad de vida, evitando el fallo ventilatorio, eventos de intubación endotraqueal y traqueostomía. Este artículo, hace propuestas escalonadas de intervención en rehabilitación respiratoria basadas en las etapas funcionales esperables en el paciente con DMD que ha perdido la capacidad de marcha.

Cuidados respiratorios de los pacientes con atrofia muscular espinal / Respiratory care approach for patients with spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a disease of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, which causes muscle weakness that leads to a progressive decrease in vital capacity and diminished cough flows. Respiratory morbidity and mortality are a function of the degree of respiratory and bulbar-innervated muscle. The former can be quantitated by the sequential evaluation of vital capacity to determine the lifetime maximum (plateau) and its subsequent rate of decline, progressing to ventilatory failure. SMA types 1 and 2 benefit from non-invasive respiratory care in early childhood and school age, improving quality and life expectancy. This document synthesizes these recommendations with special reference to interventions guided by stages that include air stacking, assisted cough protocols, preparation for spinal arthrodesis and non-invasive ventilatory support, even in those patients with loss of respiratory autonomy, minimizing the risk tracheostomy. Failure to consider these recommendations in the regular assessment of patients reduces the offer of timely treatments.

La Atrofia Muscular Espinal (AME) es una enfermedad genética del asta anterior de la medula espinal, que cursa con debilidad muscular progresiva. La intensidad y precocidad de la debilidad muscular presenta diferentes grados de afectación de los grupos musculares respiratorios, determinando la meseta en la capacidad vital y progresión a la insuficiencia ventilatoria, como también el compromiso de los músculos inervados bulbares. Los AME tipo 1 y 2, se benefician con cuidados respiratorios no invasivos en la infancia temprana y edad escolar, mejorando la calidad y esperanza de vida. Este documento sintetiza dichas recomendaciones, con especial referencia a intervenciones guiadas por etapas, que incluyan apilamiento de aire, protocolos de tos asistida, preparación para la artrodesis de columna y soporte ventilatorio no invasivo, incluso en aquellos pacientes con pérdida de la autonomía respiratoria, minimizando el riesgo de traqueostomía. La no consideración de estas recomendaciones en la valoración regular de los pacientes resta la oferta de tratamientos oportunos.

Terapia inalatória em ventilação não-invasiva em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Inhalation therapy during noninvasive ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os aspectos técnicos e cuidados a serem observados durante a administração de medicamentos inalatórios contidos em inalador pressurizado (pMDI) em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica em ventilação não-invasiva (VNI). Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa elaborada em quatro fases: (1) busca na literatura; (2) consulta às sociedades médicas; (3) pesquisaem bulas e monografias dos fármacos inalatórios; e (4) contato com empresas de ventiladores, medicamentos e espaçadores. A busca aos estudos foi conduzida a partir de palavras-chaves e restringida a publicações até 31 de dezembro de 2019, nos idiomas português e inglês. Foram selecionados 9 artigos, sendo 1 estudo primário, 6 estudos de revisão e 2 estudos em modelos experimentais de ventilação. Foram incluídas 2 diretrizes a partir da consulta às sociedades médicas e das 8 empresas contatas, quatro fizeram recomendações quanto à técnica inalatória. Não foram encontradas informações sobre a administração dos fármacos em VNI nas bulas e monografias. Recomenda-se atentar para as medidas que podem aumentar a deposição pulmonar dos fármacos inalatórios, como uso de aerocâmara com pMDI, minimização de escape indesejável de ar, sincronia entre paciente-ventilador, disparo do jato na fase inspiratória e inserção de porta de vazamento na máscara ou circuito. (AU)

The aim of this study is to describe the technical aspects and cautions to be observed during the administration of inhaled medications contained in a pressurized inhaler (pMDI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on noninvasive ventilation. This integrative review consisted of 4 phases: (1) search in the literature; (2) consultation with medical societies; (3) research on package inserts and monographs of inhaled drugs; and (4) contact with ventilator, medication and spacer companies. The search for studies was based on keywords and restricted to articles published until December 31, 2019, written in Portuguese and English. Nine articles were selected, including 1 primary study, 6 review studies and 2 studies on experimental ventilation models. Two guidelines were included from the consultation with medical societies, and of the 8 companies contacted, 4 made recommendations regarding the inhalation technique. No information was found on the administration of noninvasive ventilation drugs in package inserts and monographs. Attention should be given to measures that increase the pulmonary deposition of inhaled drugs, such as the use of an air chamber with pMDI, minimization of undesirable air leakage, patient-ventilator synchronization, jet firing in the inspiratory phase and insertion of a leak port in the mask or circuit. (AU)

Efectividad de esquemas de terapia respiratoria respecto a oxigenoterapia y estancia en lactantes con bronquiolitis / Effectiveness of respiratory therapy schemes with respect to oxygen therapy and stay in infants with bronchiolitis

RESUMEN Introducción: La bronquiolitis está entre las principales causas de morbilidad en menores de 24 meses. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de los esquemas de terapia respiratoria respecto al tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y requerimiento de oxígeno en menores de 2 años, ingresados con bronquiolitis en el Hospital Metropolitano desde enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2019. Método: Estudio analítico retrospectivo, 546 pacientes con bronquiolitis y oxigenoterapia. El análisis univariado de variables cuantitativas se describió con media, el de variables cualitativas con frecuencias. Análisis inferencial realizado con ANOVA y prueba post-hoc de Bonferroni. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo p menor a 0,05. Resultados: 58,4% fueron de sexo masculino, la edad más frecuente fue de 29 días a 11 meses 29 días (70%), el período con mayor número de hospitalizaciones fue entre diciembre y mayo. El tiempo promedio de oxigenoterapia fue 1.03 días, la estancia hospitalaria 1.37 días, el principal agente etiológico fue el virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) mediante inmunocro-matografía (63,8%) y PCR (51%). El VSR prolonga la estancia hospitalaria y oxigenoterapia (p=0,001 y p=0,031). Los esquemas de terapia respiratoria: a) solución hipertónica, b) salbutamol más bromuro de ipratropio y c) salbutamol alternado con bromuro de ipratropio más salbutamol, se asociaron con menor estancia hospitalaria (1 a 3 días) (p=0.016). 28.8% de pacientes recibieron antibioticoterapia, evidenciándose prolongación del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria (p=0.000); los corticoides prolongaron la oxigenoterapia (p=0,004). Conclusión: emplear los tres esquemas descritos previamente, disminuye la estancia hospitalaria

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bronchiolitis is one of the main causes of morbidity in children under 24 months. Objective: Determine the effectiveness of respiratory therapy schemes regarding the length of hospital stay and oxygen requirement in children under 2 years old, admitted with bronchiolitis at the Metropolitan Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019. Method: Retrospective analytical study, 546 patients with bronchiolitis and oxygen therapy. Univariate analysis of quan-titative variables was described with mean and qualitative variables with frequencies. ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test were used for the inferential study. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 58.4% were male, the most frequent age was from 29 days to 11 months, 29 days (70%), and the period with highest number of hospitalizations was between December and May. The average oxygen therapy time was 1.03 days, hospital stay was 1.37 days, the main etiologic agent was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by immunochromatography (63.8%) and PCR (51%). The RSV prolongs the hospital stay and oxygen therapy (p=0.001 and p=0.031). Respiratory therapy schemes: a) hypertonic solution, b) salbutamol plus ipratropium bromide and c) salbutamol alternated with ipratropium bromide plus salbutamol, were associated with a shorter hospital stay (1 to 3 days) (p=0.016). 28.8% patients received antibiotics, which was related with a longer hospital stay (p=0.000). While corticosteroids prolonged oxygen therapy (p=0.004). Conclusions: The use of the mentioned respiratory therapies, reduces the hospital stay.

Guia prático de abordagem da criança e do adolescente com asma grave: Documento conjunto da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Practical guide to approaching children and adolescents with severe asthma: a joint document of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology and the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics

Asma grave é a asma que requer tratamento com altas doses de corticosteroide inalado associado a um segundo medicamento de controle (e/ou corticosteroide sistêmico) para impedir que se torne "descontrolada" ou permaneça "descontrolada" apesar do tratamento. Asma grave é considerada um subtipo de asma de difícil tratamento. A prevalência em crianças evidenciada pelo International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood variou entre 3,8% e 6,9%. Existem diversos instrumentos para avaliação subjetiva, como diários de sintomas e questionários, bem como para avaliação objetiva com função pulmonar e avaliação da inflamação por escarro induzido, ou óxido nítrico exalado. A abordagem terapêutica varia desde doses altas de corticosteroide inalado e/ou oral, broncodilatadores de longa duração, antaganonistas de receptores muscarínicos, até os mais recentes imunobiológicos que bloqueiam a IgE ou IL-5.

Severe asthma is asthma that requires treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids in combination with a second control drug (and/or a systemic corticosteroid) to prevent it from becoming "uncontrolled" or remaining "uncontrolled" despite treatment. Severe asthma is considered a difficult-to-treat asthma subtype. The prevalence in children found by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood ranged from 3.8% to 6.9%. There are several instruments for subjective assessment, such as symptom diaries and questionnaires, as well as for objective assessment, including pulmonary function testing and evaluation of inflammation by induced sputum or exhaled nitric oxide. The therapeutic approach includes high doses of inhaled and/or oral corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and the latest biologics that block IgE or IL-5.

Uso de un dispositivo alternativo de cánula nasal de alto flujo de oxígeno para la falla respiratoria aguda hipoxémica en una central de emergencias de adultos en Argentina. Estudio cuasi experimental / Use of an Alternative Oxygen High-Flow Nasal Cannula Device for Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure in an Adult Emergency Department in Argentina. Quasi-Experimental Study

Objetivo: Describir los cambios observados en la frecuencia respiratoria, la frecuencia cardiaca y la puntuación de disnea antes y después de la utilización de un dispositivo alternativo de cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes con falla respiratoria aguda hipoxémica en una central de emergencias. Materiales y método: Estudio cuasi experimental y retrospectivo con pacientes adultos que acudieron a la central de emergencias con signos clínicos de falla respiratoria aguda hipoxémica. Los datos de frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardíaca y la puntuación de disnea se recolectaron de la historia clínica electrónica antes y después de dos horas de haber utilizado un dispositivo Venturi conectado a un sistema de cánula nasal de alto flujo. Resultado: Se incluyeron 43 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 64.7 (DE 16) años. La principal causa de la falla respiratoria fue la neumonía en 18 pacientes (42%). Se observó que la frecuencia respiratoria disminuyó 8 respiraciones por minuto (p < .001), la frecuencia cardiaca disminuyó 7 latidos por minuto (p < .001) y la puntuación de la disnea disminuyó 2 puntos (p < .001). Conclusiones: Se observó una disminución significativa de las tres variables estudiadas en los pacientes que acudieron a la central de emergencias con falla respiratoria aguda hipoxémica, con la utilización de un dispositivo de oxigenoterapia no convencional, el cual podría considerarse en países con recursos limitados o en los escenarios de superpoblación, tan frecuentes en las centrales de emergencia.

Use of an Alternative Oxygen High-Flow Nasal Cannula Device for Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure in an Adult Emergency Department in Argentina. Quasi-Experimental Study

Objective: To describe changes observed in respiratory rate, heart rate and dyspnea score before and after using an alternative highflow nasal cannula device in patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure in an Emergency Department. Materials and Method: Quasi-experimental, retrospective study with adult patients who went to the Emergency Department with clinical signs of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Data from respiratory rate, heart rate and dyspnea score were gathered from the electronic medical records of the patients both before and after using a Venturi device connected to a high-flow nasal cannula system two hours. Result: 43 patients were included. The mean age was 64.7 years (SD 16). The main cause of respiratory failure was pneumonia in 18 patients (42%). We observed a decrease of 8 breaths per minute (p < .001) in the respiratory rate, and 7 beats per minute (p < .001) in the heart rate; and there was a 2-point decrease in the dyspnea score (p < .001). Conclusions: We observed a significant decrease in the three variables under study in patients who went to the Emergency Department with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, using a non-conventional oxygen therapy device, which could become useful in countries with limited resources or in cases of overcrowding, so common in the Emergency Departments

Use of lung expansion techniques on drained and non-drained pleural effusion: survey with 232 physiotherapists / Uso de técnicas de expansão pulmonar em derrame pleural drenado e não drenado: estudo com 232 fisioterapeutas / Uso de técnicas de expansión pulmonar en derrame pleural drenado y no drenado: estudio con 232 fisioterapeutas

Abstract Introduction: Techniques for lung expansion seem to benefit patients with drained and undrained pleural effusion, but there is a lack of evidence to indicate which technique is best in each situation. Currently, the therapeutic choices of respiratory physiotherapists serving this population are not known. Objective: To know which lung expansion techniques are chosen by chest physiotherapists who assist patients with drained and non-drained pleural effusion. Method: Through the announcement of the Federal Council, 232 physiotherapists who work in hospitals in Brazil were questioned about which techniques they apply to patients with drained and non-drained effusion. Results: Initially, 512 were questioned but 232 (45.3%) answered. The physiotherapists associate more than one technique of lung expansion in both types of patients, besides walking. Deep breathing is the most used technique in patients with drained (92%) and non-drained (77%) pleural effusion. Positive pressure exercises in the airways are chosen by 60% of the physiotherapists to treat patients with drained pleural effusion and by 34% to treat patients with non-drained pleural effusion. Yet the incentive spirometry are used with 66% of patients with drained pleural effusion and 42% with non-drained ones. Conclusion: Deep breathing is the most applied lung expansion technique in the treatment of patients with drained and non-drained pleural effusion by chest physiotherapists. In addition, there is association between greatest degree and time of professional performance and the chosen techniques.

Resumo Introdução: Técnicas para expansão pulmonar parecem beneficiar pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado, porém há falta de evidências para indicar qual é a melhor técnica em cada situação. Atualmente, as escolhas terapêuticas dos fisioterapeutas respiratórios que atendem essa população não são conhecidas. Objetivo: Conhecer as técnicas de expansão pulmonar escolhidas pelos fisioterapeutas respiratórios que atendem pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado. Método: Por meio do anúncio do Conselho Federal, 232 fisioterapeutas que trabalham em hospitais no Brasil foram questionados sobre quais técnicas se aplicam a pacientes com derrame drenado e não drenado. Resultados: Inicialmente, 512 foram questionados, mas 232 (45,3%) responderam. Os fisioterapeutas associam mais de uma técnica de expansão pulmonar em ambos os tipos de pacientes, além de deambular. A respiração profunda é a técnica mais utilizada em pacientes com derrame pleural drenado (92%) e não drenado (77%). Exercícios de pressão positiva nas vias aéreas são escolhidos por 60% dos fisioterapeutas para tratar pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e por 34% para pacientes com derrame pleural não drenado. A espirometria de incentivo é utilizada com 66% dos pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e 42% com não drenado. Conclusão: A respiração profunda é a técnica de expansão pulmonar mais aplicada no tratamento de pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado por fisioterapeutas respiratórios. Além disso, há associação entre maior titulação e tempo de atuação profissional e as técnicas escolhidas.

Resumen Introducción: Técnicas para expansión pulmonar parecen beneficiar a pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado, pero hay falta de evidencias para indicar cuál es la mejor técnica en cada situación. Actualmente, las opciones terapéuticas de los fisioterapeutas respiratorios que atienden a esa población, no son conocidas. Objetivo: Conocer las técnicas de expansión pulmonar elegidas por los fisioterapeutas respiratorios que atienden pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado. Método: A través del anuncio del Consejo Federal, 232 fisioterapeutas que trabajan en hospitales en Brasil fueron cuestionados sobre qué técnicas se aplican a pacientes con derrame drenado y no drenado. Resultados: Inicialmente, 512 fueron cuestionados, pero 232 (45,3%) respondieron. Los fisioterapeutas asocian más de una técnica de expansión pulmonar en ambos tipos de pacientes, además de deambular. La respiración profunda es la técnica más utilizada en pacientes con derrame pleural drenado (92%) y no drenado (77%). Los ejercicios de presión positiva en las vías aéreas son elegidos por el 60% de los fisioterapeutas para tratar a pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y por el 34% para pacientes con derrame pleural no drenado. La espirometría de incentivo se utiliza con el 66% de los pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y el 42% con no drenado. Conclusión: La respiración profunda es la técnica de expansión pulmonar más aplicada en el tratamiento de pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado por fisioterapeutas respiratorios. Además, hay asociación entre mayor titulación y tiempo de actuación profesional y las técnicas elegidas.